When you set foot in the city of Fez, you will feel as if you are traveling through time between two different eras: one modern, which you see as soon as you arrive from the airport, train station, or enter the city by car, and the other deeply rooted in history, as you reach the old city, Fez el-Bali, the true destination you came for. Fez was founded in the year 182 AH (January 4, 789 AD) by Idris II, who made it the capital of the Idrisid state in Morocco.

The city has witnessed many transformations, from conflicts and wars, due to its historical significance and pivotal role in connecting different cultures and civilizations. It has served as a bridge linking Moroccans with the Arab, African, and European worlds. Over more than 1,200 years, the city has been divided into three main sections: Fez el-Bali, the old city, founded in the 8th century AD; Fez el-Jdid, built in the 13th century; and the modern city, constructed during the French colonial period. Thanks to its rich heritage and exceptional status, Fez consistently ranks among the top tourist destinations worldwide, according to specialized travel and exploration sites.

The city of Fez has been designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the largest and oldest urban pedestrian areas in the world (car-free zones). It is home to Al-Qarawiyyin University, founded in 857 AD, which is the oldest continuously operating higher education institution in the world. Fez also features Chouara Tannery, dating back to the 11th century, one of the oldest tanneries in existence.

Kingdoms That Ruled Fes

Throughout its history, Fes served as the capital for several dynasties that ruled Morocco. Here are the main kingdoms that governed or had influence over the city:

1. The Idrisid Dynasty (789-974 AD)

• Fes was founded in 789 AD by Idris II, becoming the capital of the Idrisid state.
• It was a major political, religious, and cultural center in early Morocco.

2. The Almoravid Dynasty (1070-1147 AD)

• The Almoravids took control of Fes in the 11th century and unified its two separate sections.
• They developed religious infrastructure, expanding mosques and madrasas.

3. The Almohad Dynasty (1147-1269 AD)

• The Almohads captured Fes, transforming it into a significant religious and intellectual hub.
• The University of Al Quaraouiyine flourished during their rule.

4. The Marinid Dynasty (1244-1465 AD)

• The Marinids made Fes Their capital, ushering in a golden age for the city.
• They built Fes Jdid and renowned institutions like Al-Attarine Madrasa and Bou Inania Madrasa.

5. The Wattasid Dynasty (1472-1554 AD)

• The Wattasids succeeded the Marinids but faced European pressures.
• Fes remained the capital until the rise of the Saadians.

6. The Saadian Dynasty (1554-1659 AD)

• The Saadians took control of Fes but shifted the capital to Marrakech.
• Despite this, Fes remained a key cultural and religious center.

7. The Alaouite Dynasty (1666 AD – Present)

• Sultan Moulay Rashid reclaimed Fes in 1666 AD under the Alaouite rule.
• Since then, the Moroccan capital has alternated between Fes, Marrakech, and Rabat.
• Today, Fes remains one of Morocco’s most important cultural and historical cities.

Fes has not only been a political capital for several Moroccan dynasties but also a center of knowledge, culture, and history. It reached its peak during the Marinid era but continues to hold immense historical and cultural significance today.

The reason behind naming Fez

According to Description of Africa by Leo Africanus, a quantity of gold inscribed with the Arabic name “Fes” was discovered on the first day of excavation for the city’s foundation, giving rise to its name. Other accounts suggest that the city’s location was originally called “Fes” due to the river that runs through it, as the Berber name for the river was Saf, which may have been altered to Fes.

Historians like Ibn Abi Zar’ in Rawd al-Qirtas and Ali al-Jaznai in Zahrat al-As mention that a pickaxe (fās in Arabic) was found during the city’s foundation, leading to its name. Additionally, Ibn Khaldun noted that Fes was the name of the ancestor of the Mediouna, Maghila, and Matmata tribes.

Other theories propose that the name comes from the Berber word Ayyfas, meaning “right” in Arabic, as the city is situated on the right bank of the river. Another theory suggests that it derives from Fazzaz, referring to the Atlas Mountains surrounding the city.

Fez was the capital of the Kingdom of Morocco until 1912, when the French occupation (which lasted until 1956) led to the transfer of the capital to Rabat. Many residents of Fez migrated to other cities, especially the Jewish community, resulting in the complete evacuation of the Mellah district. This migration had a significant negative economic impact on the city.

What is the shape and architecture of Fez el-Bali like?

When Fes was first founded, it was not the vibrant city we see today. Instead, it was more like a fortified citadel surrounded by vast fields and agricultural lands. At that time, cities were scarce, and traveling between regions was dangerous due to frequent raids and looting. To protect its residents from external threats, Fes was built with strong fortifications, walls, and watchtowers, ensuring safety in an era of instability.

Sieges and Wars That Shaped Fes

While its strategic location made Fes a thriving center of trade and culture, it also made it a frequent target for sieges and battles. Throughout the reigns of the Marinids, Wattasids, and Saadians, Fes became a battleground for political struggles. During the rule of Sultan Moulay Ismail, the city faced one of its longest sieges as he sought to assert his authority over it. Despite these challenges, Fes remained resilient, thanks to its fortified defenses and the unwavering determination of its people.

A City Fortified from All Sides

Fes was not just a city—it was a stronghold, shielding its inhabitants from wars and conflicts that shaped its history. The city was enclosed by massive walls, reinforced with defensive towers and fortified gates to prevent invasions.

Two of the most significant military structures are Borj Nord (North Tower) and Borj Sud (South Tower), built on elevated hills overlooking the city. These towers were not only watchpoints but also fortified military bases, storing weapons and housing guards who kept constant surveillance over the surrounding areas.

A Maze of Over 9,000 Alleys

What truly defines Fes el-Bali is its intricate network of streets—over 9,000 narrow, winding alleys that make it the largest car-free urban zone in the world. These pathways were not randomly designed; their structure served both defensive and climatic purposes. The labyrinth-like layout made it nearly impossible for invaders to navigate, while the narrow streets provided shade, keeping the city cool during Morocco’s hot summers.

A City Built Like a Fortress

Fes el-Bali was designed as a defensive stronghold, enclosed by massive ramparts that have withstood centuries of change. With 14 monumental gates, the city was built to be both impenetrable and self-sustaining, ensuring the protection of its people while allowing controlled access to traders and travelers. The walls, made of thick mudbrick and stone, enclose a cityscape that has remained largely unchanged since the 8th century.

Today, we bring to you some of the most famous gates of Fes, each carrying its own historical significance:

• Bab El Sakkama
• Bab El Dakan (or Bab El Seba)
• Bab El Sharfa (or Bab Fialla)
• Bab El Boujat
• Bab El Smarine
• Bab Boujloud (Old and New)
• Bab El Mahrouk
• Bab El Anwar
• Bab Guissa
• Bab Sidi Boujida
• Bab Khoukha
• Bab El Foutouh
• Bab El Hamra
• Bab Jadid (or more accurately, Bab Al-Hisn Al-Jadid)
• Bab El Heddid
• Bab Lamr
• Bab Jiyaf

Some of these gates have disappeared or been replaced by openings in the city walls over time.

As the population of the city grew, it became necessary to add many smaller gates and passages within the city. This is evident when we observe that the Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque, for example, has 14 entrances, some of which were opened during different historical periods.

The large gates once served as defense centers, and one example of this is Bab El Smarine, which played a vital role in regulating movement and security. The walls of the city, with their strong fortifications, were designed to protect its inhabitants, particularly during times of “al-Sayba” (lawlessness). This was a period marked by insecurity and instability, leading to the need for the city to prepare for closing its gates at a moment’s notice to avoid plunder and invasion.

These gates, along with the massive fortifications surrounding Fes, are enduring symbols of the city’s historical resilience and its role as both a cultural and military stronghold in Morocco’s past.

A City of Hidden Wonders

Behind these ancient walls and alleyways lies a city brimming with treasures—ornate madrasas, bustling souks, historic mosques, and grand palaces. The deeper you venture into the maze, the more you uncover the essence of Fes: a city where every turn tells a story, and every doorway leads to history.

Why Every Traveler Should Visit Fes

Fes is not just a destination; it’s an experience. Its fortress-like design, medieval charm, and unparalleled authenticity make it an essential stop for any traveler seeking to immerse themselves in Morocco’s rich past. If you wish to lose yourself in time and wander through the most preserved medieval city in the world, then Fes is the place to be.

Fes Medina: A Living Fortress with an Immortal Spirit

Fes is not just an ancient city—it is a fortress that has stood the test of time. Despite centuries of turmoil, it still preserves its mighty walls, defensive towers, and grand gates, each telling stories of resilience, conflict, and triumph. While today it is known for its rich culture and heritage, its past as a citadel of protection and endurance makes it a must-visit destination for anyone seeking to uncover the true essence of Moroccan history and legacy.

Why You Must Visit Fes: The Beating Heart of Moroccan Heritage

If you’re planning a trip to Morocco, Fes is an unmissable destination. Known as the country’s spiritual and cultural capital, it offers an immersive journey through time, tradition, and authenticity. With its ancient medina, rich history, vibrant souks, and breathtaking architecture, Fes provides an experience unlike any other in the world.

1. A City That Feels Like a Time Machine

As you step into the medina of Fes (Fes el-Bali), you’re not just entering a city—you’re traveling back centuries. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, it is one of the largest car-free urban zones in the world, preserving the authentic charm of medieval Morocco. With its 9,000 labyrinth-like alleys, Fes is a living museum, where history whispers from every wall and every stone.

2. The World’s Oldest University

Fes is home to Al-Qarawiyyin University, founded in 857 AD, making it the oldest continuously operating university in the world. This prestigious institution was established by Fatima al-Fihri, a remarkable woman whose legacy continues to shape Moroccan scholarship. For history lovers and intellectual explorers, this is an essential stop.

3. The Soul of Moroccan Craftsmanship

The artisans of Fes have been perfecting their crafts for centuries. From intricate zelij (mosaic tiles) to hand-stitched leatherwork and exquisite brass lanterns, Fes remains Morocco’s capital of traditional arts. A visit to the Chouara Tannery, one of the oldest in the world, will transport you to an era when everything was made by hand using age-old techniques.

4. A Gastronomic Delight

Moroccan cuisine is a feast for the senses, and Fes is one of the best places to experience it. From the famous pastilla (a savory-sweet pie with pigeon or chicken) to slow-cooked tagines infused with saffron and cinnamon, Fes is a paradise for food lovers. Don’t forget to try the local street food, like msemen (Moroccan pancakes) and fresh mint tea in a traditional riad.

5. Gateway to Hidden Gems

Fes is perfectly located for day trips to some of Morocco’s most fascinating places. Within a short drive, you can visit:

• Moulay Idriss Zerhoun – A sacred pilgrimage site.
• Volubilis – Ancient Roman ruins with stunning mosaics.
• The Middle Atlas Mountains – Offering breathtaking landscapes and Berber culture.

6. A Spiritual and Mystical City

Fes is often called the spiritual heart of Morocco, with its centuries-old mosques, medersas (Islamic schools), and the annual Sacred Music Festival that attracts musicians from around the world. The city exudes an air of mysticism, knowledge, and devotion, making it a truly transformative place to explore.

Why Fes Should Be on Your Travel List?

Fes is not just a city; it’s an experience. It offers a deeper, more authentic side of Morocco—one where history, culture, and tradition are still alive. Whether you are a history enthusiast, a food lover, or an adventurer seeking a journey back in time, Fes promises to leave an unforgettable mark on your soul.

So, if you’re visiting Morocco, make sure Fes is at the top of your list. This is a city that doesn’t just tell a story—it lets you live it.

Discover the Hidden Gems of Fes: A Journey Through Time

If you’re planning a visit to Fes and want to dive deep into the heart of its rich history, look no further. Fes is not just a city; it’s a living museum, brimming with stories, secrets, and centuries-old traditions. We offer personalized guided tours with local experts—true sons and daughters of the city—who will take you on an unforgettable journey through Fes’ winding alleys, vibrant souks, and ancient monuments.

From the majestic University of Al Quaraouiyine to the intricate architecture of the Medersa Bou Inania, every corner of Fes tells a unique tale. Our guides, with their vast knowledge and infectious passion for the city’s heritage, will ensure you uncover the hidden gems that only locals know.

Whether you’re fascinated by Fes’ role in the Islamic Golden Age, curious about its culinary delights, or eager to explore its historic medina, we’re here to make your visit extraordinary.

Have questions or need more information? Feel free to reach out to us directly through private messages or leave a comment below. We’re more than happy to assist you and help you plan a memorable experience in Fes. Let us guide you through the history of one of the world’s most captivating cities!

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